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1 dominant force
1) Общая лексика: преобладающая сила2) Реклама: господствующая сила, доминирующая сила -
2 dominant force
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3 dominant
adjectivedominierend (geh.); beherrschend; hervorstechend, herausragend [[Wesens]merkmal, Eigenschaft]; vorherrschend [Kultur, Farbe, Geschmack]be dominant over — dominieren über (+ Akk.)
* * *['dominənt](ruling; most important; strongest: the dominant group in society; Green was the dominant colour in the room.) beherrschend- academic.ru/21757/dominance">dominance- dominate
- domination* * *domi·nant[ˈdɒmɪnənt, AM ˈdɑ:mə-]I. adj1. (masterful, controlling) dominierend attr, vorherrschend attr; group tonangebend; issue beherrschend; personality dominierend\dominant male männliches Leittier\dominant position beherrschende Stellung\dominant characteristic/gene dominantes Merkmal/Gen3. MUS dominant, Dominant-\dominant seventh Dominantseptakkord m4. LAW\dominant tenement herrschendes Grundstück* * *['dɒmɪnənt]1. adj1) person, role, class, feature dominierend; partner, figure, position, issue, personality dominierend, beherrschend; nation, culture, ideology, species, trend, theme dominierend, vorherrschend; gene dominantthe dominant factor — der wichtigste or dominierende Faktor
they are dominant in the world market — sie beherrschen den Weltmarkt
dominant male (animal) — männliches Leittier; ( fig hum, man ) Platzhirsch m
2. n* * *A adj (adv dominantly)1. dominierend, (vor)herrschend:dominant tenement JUR herrschendes Grundstück2. beherrschend:a) bestimmend, tonangebend:the dominant factor der entscheidende Faktorb) emporragend, weithin sichtbar4. MUS Dominant…:dominant seventh chord Dominantseptakkord m (Dreiklang auf der Dominante mit kleiner Septime)B s1. BIOL dominante Erbanlage, vorherrschendes Merkmal2. MUS Dominante f (fünfte Stufe der diatonischen Tonleiter)3. fig beherrschendes Element* * *adjectivedominierend (geh.); beherrschend; hervorstechend, herausragend [[Wesens]merkmal, Eigenschaft]; vorherrschend [Kultur, Farbe, Geschmack]be dominant over — dominieren über (+ Akk.)
* * *adj.beherrschend adj.herrschend adj. -
4 force
1. n1) сила, мощь2) действенность; действие, воздействие (соглашения, закона и т.п.)3) применение силы, насилие, принуждение4) pl войска, вооруженные силы; вооружения5) группа6) сила (производительная, политическая и т.п.); фактор7) численность8) (the Force) полиция (особ. Великобритании)•to be in force — иметь (юридическую) силу; оставаться в силе
to beef up one's military forces — укреплять свои вооруженные силы
to build up military forces — наращивать военную мощь; сосредоточивать войска
to clear rebel forces from somewhere — очищать какой-л. район от войск мятежников
to continue in force — оставаться в силе; действовать (о законе и т.п.)
to disband / to dismantle forces — демобилизовывать / распускать войска
to encourage all progressive forces (to) — поощрять / поддерживать все прогрессивные силы
to enter a city in force — брать город приступом; вводить в город крупные воинские формирования
to have no force — быть недействительным; не иметь силы
to improve one's defense forces — совершенствовать свои силы самообороны
to join forces — объединяться; объединять силы
to join forces with smb — объединять силы с кем-л.
to maintain the balance of forces — поддерживать равновесие / соотношение сил
to modernize one's forces — модернизировать свои вооруженные силы
to put in force — осуществлять, проводить в жизнь; вводить в действие
to put the armed forces on full alert — приводить вооруженные силы в состояние полной боевой готовности
to reduce conventional forces in / throughout Europe — сокращать количество войск и обычных вооружений в Европе
to remain in force — оставаться в силе, действовать (о законе и т.п.)
to reshape one's armed forces — реорганизовывать свои вооруженные силы
to resort to force — прибегать к силе / насилию
to rule a country by sheer force — управлять страной, опираясь исключительно на силу
to seek negotiated reductions in conventional forces — добиваться сокращения обычных вооружений путем переговоров
to suppress smth by brute force — подавлять что-л. грубой силой
to take recourse to force — прибегать к силе / насилию
to use force against smb — использовать силу против кого-л.
- accelerated development of productive forcesto withdraw forces from... — выводить войска из...
- active forces
- activities of forces
- actual force
- advance force
- aggressive forces
- aggressor forces
- air forces
- alignment of forces
- alliance of the forces
- allied forces
- allocation of forces
- anti-aircraft forces
- anti-colonialist forces
- anti-fascist forces
- anti-government forces
- anti-kidnap force
- anti-monopoly forces
- anti-national forces
- anti-popular forces
- anti-war forces
- armed forces of a country
- armed forces
- assault force
- Atlantic Nuclear Force - binding force
- bomber forces
- border forces
- border-security forces
- brutal force
- build-up forces
- build-up of forces
- by force
- by sheer force
- carrier striking force
- Central American task force
- character of the armed forces
- coalition forces
- combatant forces
- combined forces
- Commonwealth Military Force
- competing forces
- competition forces
- compulsory force
- conditions of entry into force
- conservative forces
- consistent force
- consolidation of all forces
- contributor to the multinational force
- Conventional Force in Europe
- conventional forces
- correlation of forces
- crack forces
- cross-border force
- crude force
- deep cuts in conventional forces
- defense forces
- democratic forces
- determining force in social development
- deterrent force
- directing force
- display of force
- disquiet in the armed forces
- division of political forces
- dominant force
- economic force
- effective forces
- elemental forces of nature
- enforcement forces - extraction force
- follow-on force
- force is not the answer
- force of a clause
- force of a treaty
- force of an agreement
- force of argument
- force of arms
- force of example
- force of law
- force of occupation
- force of public opinion
- force of weaponry
- force to be reckoned with
- forces in the field
- forces of aggression and war
- forces of flexible response
- forces of internal and external reaction
- forward-based forces
- free play of democratic forces
- full force of the treaty
- general purpose forces
- ground forces
- guiding force
- hired labor force
- IFOR
- in force
- in full force
- independent force
- inequitable relationship of forces
- influential force
- intermediate range forces
- international balance of forces
- international peace-keeping forces
- internationalist forces
- interplay of political forces
- interposing force
- invasion forces
- irregular forces
- joint NATO armed forces
- labor force
- land forces
- landing force
- lawful use of force
- leading force in smth
- leading force
- left-wing forces
- legal force
- liberation forces
- local forces
- logistical forces
- main force
- major force
- mandatory force
- manifestation of force
- material force
- member of a peace-keeping force
- military force
- monetary forces
- motive force
- moving force
- multilateral forces
- mutinous forces
- mutual non-use of military force
- national forces
- national liberation forces
- national political forces
- natural forces
- nature of forces
- naval forces
- noneconomic forces
- non-use of force
- nuclear forces
- nuclear strike force
- obligatory force of international treaties
- observer force
- occupation force
- occupying force
- of legal force
- on entry into force
- operation of market forces
- operational forces
- opposing forces
- organizing force
- pan-Arab force
- paramilitary forces
- patriotic forces
- peace forces
- Peace Implementation Force
- peace-keeping forces
- peace-safeguarding forces
- people's armed forces of liberation
- phased withdrawal of the forces
- police force
- policy of force
- political force
- posture of forces
- potent force
- powerful force
- professionally led force
- progressive forces
- pro-independence forces
- proportions of forces
- punitive forces
- quick-reaction force
- Rapid Deployment Force
- Rapid Reaction Force
- rapid-action force
- RDF
- rebel forces
- recourse to force
- reduction in the armed forces
- regional security forces
- regrouping of forces
- relationship of forces
- reserve force
- reserve of the forces
- resistance forces
- resort to force
- retaliatory forces
- revanchist forces
- revolutionary forces
- rightist forces
- right-wing forces
- rough parity of forces
- ruling forces
- sea forces
- sea-based strategic missile forces
- second-strike force
- security forces
- self-defense forces
- SFOR
- shifts in the alignment of forces - social and political forces
- social forces
- socio-political forces
- special forces
- spontaneous force
- Stabilization Force
- strategic air forces
- strategic forces
- Strategic Rocket Force
- strength of the armed forces
- strike force
- striking force
- suppression by force
- task force
- territorial force
- theater nuclear forces
- third force- TNF- ultra-right forces
- UN buffer force
- UN Emergency Force
- UN observer force
- unification of forces
- unification of the armed force under a single command
- unified forces
- unilateral cuts in smb's forces
- United Nation Protection Force
- United Nations forces
- United Nations peace-keeping forces
- unity of forces
- UNPROFOR
- use of military forces
- use of preemptive force
- vital force
- voluntary military forces
- weakening of forces
- with political forces splintering
- withdrawal of forces
- without resort to force
- work force
- world market forces 2. vзаставлять, принуждать, вынуждать -
5 Historical Portugal
Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims inPortugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and theChurch (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict untilUN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU. -
6 position
n1) положение; местонахождение, расположение2) должность, место3) состояние4) (regarding smth, with regard to smth) точка зрения; позиция•to be firmly entrenched in one's position — упорно стоять на своем
to bolster smb's position — усиливать чью-л. позицию
to cement one's position in the public's mind — укреплять свою репутацию в глазах общественного мнения
to confirm one's position — подтверждать свою позицию
to conform with the country's humanitarian position — соответствовать гуманной позиции данной страны
to define one's position on smth — определять свое отношение к чему-л.
to deviate from one's position — отходить от своей позиции
to disclose one's position — раскрывать свою позицию
to dislodge smb from their position — выбивать кого-л. с занимаемых позиций
to distort smb's position — искажать чью-л. позицию
to explain one's position — разъяснять свою позицию
to exploit one's position — пользоваться своим положением
to explore smb's position — прощупывать чью-л. позицию
to give up one's positions — сдавать свои позиции
to improve one's position — улучшать свою позицию / свое положение
to leave smb in a very exposed position politically — делать чью-л. позицию политически очень уязвимой
to lose a position — утрачивать позицию, лишаться должности
to moderate one's position — занимать более умеренную позицию
to occupy a position — занимать позицию / пост
to preserve one's economic positions — сохранять свое экономическое положение
to reaffirm one's position — вновь подтверждать свою позицию
to reconsider one's position — пересматривать свою позицию
to regain one's positions on the international scene — восстанавливать свои позиции на международной арене
to reiterate one's position — вновь подтверждать свою позицию
to relinquish one's position — уходить в отставку
to rethink one's position — пересматривать свою позицию
to reverse one's position — изменять свою позицию
to set forth the position of one's government — излагать позицию своего правительства
to set out one's opening position — излагать свою исходную позицию (на переговорах)
to stick to a position — придерживаться какой-л. позиции
to strengthen smb's position — усиливать чью-л. позицию
to undercut smb's position — ослаблять / подрывать чью-л. позицию
to undermine smb's position — ослаблять / подрывать чью-л. позицию
- adoption of a positionto water down smb's position — ослаблять чью-л. позицию
- altered international position
- bargaining position
- change of position
- conciliatory position
- country's number one position
- departure from one's position
- domestic position
- dominant position
- dominating position
- economic position
- elevation to a dominant position of smb
- excepted position
- fallback position
- financial position
- firm position
- from a position of strength
- hardening of one's position
- hard-line position
- hostile position
- in an increasingly isolated position
- influential position
- intermediate position
- international position
- key position
- leading position
- legal position
- lowly position
- marginal position
- military positions
- monopoly position
- movement in smb's position
- negative position
- negotiating position
- nonaligned position
- political position
- position of influence
- positions in trade
- powerful position
- precarious position
- privileged position
- rigid position
- secure position
- sensitive position
- shaky position
- shift in smb's position
- social position
- strengthening of positions
- strong position
- the government's position stands
- tough position
- trading position
- unacceptable position
- unassailable position
- uncompromising position
- unstable position
- vacant position
- vulnerable position -
7 strategy
n мен. стратегія; політика; поведінка; спосіб дії; a стратегічнийплан і передбачений спосіб дії для виконання і забезпечення цілей компанії чи інших організацій═════════■═════════admissible strategy припустима стратегія; advertising strategy стратегія реклами • рекламна стратегія; available • доступна стратегія; bargaining strategy стратегія торгів • стратегія проведення торгів • стратегія переговорів; best strategy найкраща стратегія; bidding strategy стратегія торгів; brand extension strategy стратегія розширення марки; broad strategyies загальні стратегічні напрями; business strategy стратегія ділової активності; campaign strategy стратегія кампанії • стратегія рекламної кампанії; cautious strategy обережна стратегія; communication strategy стратегія комунікації; competitive strategy конкурентоспроможна стратегія • стратегія підходу до конкурентів; competitive marketing strategy маркетингова стратегія • підхід до конкурентів; composite strategy складова стратегія; copy strategy текстова стратегія • загальний підхід до тексту; core strategy основоположна стратегія • основна стратегія; corporate strategy стратегічний напрям фірми • загальнофірмова стратегія; corporate identity strategy стратегія фірмового стилю; creative strategy творча стратегія; development strategy стратегія розвитку; discount strategy стратегія зниження цін; distribution strategy стратегія розповсюдження товару; dominant strategy домінуюча стратегія; duplicated strategy дубльована стратегія; effective strategy ефективна стратегія; empirical strategy емпірична стратегія; entry strategy стратегія входу; equilibrium strategy стратегія рівноваги; essential strategy суттєва стратегія; expansion strategy стратегія розширення; experience-curve pricing strategy стратегія ціноутворення на основі кривої досвідченості; feedback strategy стратегія зі зворотним зв'язком; flexible strategy гнучка стратегія; follow-up strategy стратегія наступної роботи • додаткова стратегія • послідовна стратегія; forecasting strategy стратегія прогнозування; forward strategy наступальна стратегія; general strategy загальна стратегія; geographic pricing strategy стратегія ціноутворення за географічним принципом; good-value strategy стратегія якості; grim-trigger strategy стратегія «спускового гачка» • стратегія взаємодії компаній в умовах олігополії; growth strategy стратегія зростання; hard-line strategy жорстка стратегія; inadmissible strategy неприпустима стратегія; independent strategy незалежна стратегія; initial strategy початкова стратегія; interaction strategy стратегія взаємодії; interest-rate strategy стратегія відсоткової ставки; intervention strategy стратегія втручання; joint strategy спільна стратегія; linear strategy лінійна стратегія • математично обчислена стратегія; long-term strategy довгострокова стратегія • перспективна стратегія; management strategy стратегія менеджменту • стратегія управління виробництвом; market strategy ринкова стратегія; market coverage strategy стратегія охоплення ринку; market entry strategy стратегія входу на ринок; market expanding strategy стратегія розширення ринку; marketing strategy стратегія маркетингу • маркетингова стратегія; marketing mix strategy стратегія формування маркетингового комплексу; maximin strategy максимінна стратегія; media strategy стратегія вибору засобів реклами; message strategy стратегія звернення; milking strategy стратегія «видоювання» ринку; minimax strategy мінімаксна стратегія; mixed strategy змішана стратегія; monopoly strategy монополістична стратегія; multi-brand strategy багатомарочна стратегія; multistage strategy багатоступенева стратегія; nonoverlapping strategyies стратегії, які не перетинаються; optimal strategy оптимальна стратегія; ordering strategy порядок подання замовлень; overall sales strategy загальна стратегія збуту; penetration strategy стратегія проникнення; permissible strategy допустима стратегія; price strategy стратегія ціноутворення; pricing strategy стратегія ціноутворення; product strategy товарна політика • стратегія товару; production strategy стратегія виробництва; product-line strategy стратегія товарного асортименту; profit-taking strategy стратегія отримання максимально можливого прибутку; promotion strategy стратегія стимулювання • стратегія просування товару; public relations strategy стратегія громадських зв'язків; pull strategy; pure strategy чиста стратегія; push strategy; reach strategy стратегія охоплення; randomizing strategy випадкова стратегія • стратегія за правилами теорії вірогідності; replacement strategy стратегія поповнення запасів • порядок заміни устаткування; replenishment strategy стратегія поповнення запасів; rip-off strategy стратегія пограбування; sales strategy торговельна стратегія • збутова стратегія; sales-force strategy стратегія роботи торговельного апарату; scheduling strategy стратегія календарного планування • стратегія оперативного управління виробництвом; search strategy стратегія пошуку; segmentation strategy стратегія сегментації ринку • підхід до сегментації ринку; selling strategy торговельна стратегія; social change strategy стратегія суспільних змін; spending strategy стратегія витрат; stationary strategy статична стратегія; strict strategy чиста стратегія; team strategy колективний стратегічний підхід • гуртовий стратегічний підхід; technological strategy технологічна стратегія; thrifty strategy економічна стратегія; tit-for-tat strategy стратегія повторення ходів супротивника • стратегія «око за око»; upgrading strategy стратегія підняття рівня • стратегія підняття якісного рівня; winning strategy переможна стратегія═════════□═════════dominant strategy equilibrium рівновага домінуючої стратегії; strategy formulation формулювання стратегії; strategy of overcharging стратегія завищення цін; to carry out a strategy виконувати/виконати стратегію; to develop a strategy розробляти/розробити стратегію • розвивати/розвинути стратегію; to draw up strategy оформляти/оформити стратегію; to follow a strategy дотримуватися/дотриматися стратегії; to plan a strategy планувати/запланувати стратегію; to play a strategy застосовувати/застосувати стратегію; to pursue a strategy дотримуватися/дотриматися стратегії; to work out a strategy розробляти/розробити стратегію • розвивати/розвинути стратегію* * *стратегія ( відносно галузі або країни); основні напрями діяльності -
8 commanding
commanding [kəˈmα:ndɪŋ]1. adjectivea. ( = powerful) to be in a commanding position être en position de forceb. ( = authoritative) imposant2. compounds* * *[kə'mɑːndɪŋ], US [-'mæn-]1) ( authoritative) [look, manner, voice] impérieux/-ieuse; [presence] imposant2) ( dominant) [position] dominant3) ( elevated) [position] surélevé -
9 patent
1) патент (охранный документ на изобретение, удостоверяющий признание предложения изобретением, его приоритет и исключительное право на него патентообладателя)2) патентовать; патентованный; патентный•- patent applied for
- patent in force
- patent being in force
- patent for a design
- patent for an invention
- patent for a plant
- patent for improvement
- patent in dispute
- patent on a design
- patent pending
- patent referred to
- patent abroad
- patent of addition
- patent of confirmation
- patent of importation
- patent of improvement
- patent of revalidation
- abandoned patent
- additional patent
- adjudicated patent
- AEC-owned patent
- anticipating patent
- apparatus patent
- art patent
- article patent
- assailable patent
- assigned patent
- atomic energy patent
- attackable patent
- attacked patent
- basic patent
- biological patent
- blocking patent
- blocking-off patent
- borderline patent
- British Letters patent
- broad patent
- business method patent
- cancelled patent
- ceased patent
- chemical patent
- cited patent
- collateral patent
- colonial patent
- combination patent
- Commission-owned patent
- communicated patent
- competing patent
- complementary patent
- composition-of-matter patent
- confirmation patent
- conflicting patent
- contestable patent
- copending patents
- corresponding patents
- deadwood patent
- dead-wood patent
- defective patent
- dependent patent
- design letters patent
- device patent
- disputed patent
- divisional patent
- domestic patent
- dominant patent
- dormant patent
- double patent
- dragnet patent
- drug patent
- duplicate patents
- earlier patent
- economic patent
- electrical patent
- European patent
- exclusive patent
- exercisable patent
- existing patent
- expired patent
- exploitable patent
- extended patent
- extinct patent
- fencing-off patent
- final patent
- foreign patent
- forfeited patent
- fortifying patent
- freed patent
- free-lance patent
- French pharmaceutical patent
- granted patent
- home patent
- importation patent
- improvement patent
- incipient patent
- incontestable patent
- independent patent
- indigenous patent
- industrial patent
- industrial development patent
- infringed patent
- infringing patent
- infringing patents
- inoperative patent
- interdependent patents
- intervening patent
- invalid patent
- issued patent
- joint patent
- key patent
- land patent
- lapsed patent
- later patent
- later-dated patent
- legally effective patent
- letters patent
- licensed patent
- litigious patent
- live patent
- machine patent
- main patent
- manufacture patent
- master patent
- material patent
- mechanical patent
- medical patent
- metallurgical patent
- method patent
- minor patent
- modification patent
- more recent patent
- narrow patent
- national patent
- national patent under the PCT
- native's patent
- new use patent
- non-convention patent
- Nordic patent
- not infringed patent
- nuisance patent
- objected patent
- obstructive patent
- old patent
- operative patent
- original patent
- ornamental design patent
- overlapping patents
- paper patent
- parallel patent
- parent patent
- pending patent
- petty patent
- pharmaceutical patent
- pioneer patent
- plant patent
- pooled patent
- posthumous patent
- practicable patent
- printed patent
- prior patent
- process patent
- product patent
- provisional European patent
- questionable patent
- reference patent
- regional patent
- reinstated patent
- reissue patent
- reissued patent
- related patent
- revoked patent
- scarecrow patent
- secret patent
- senior patent
- shot gun patent
- simultaneous patent
- small patent
- software patent
- standard patent
- strain patent
- strong patent
- structure patent
- subordinate patent
- subsequent patent
- subservient patent
- subsidiary patent
- sued upon patent
- suppressed patent
- transfer of technology patent
- unenforceable patent
- unexpired patent
- universal patent
- unjustified patent
- unused patent
- U. S. patent
- useful model patent
- utility patent
- valid patent
- valuable patent
- void patent
- voidable patent
- weak patent
- withheld patent
- world-wide patent
- worthless patent
- X-series patent
- younger patent
- youngest patent* * *патент (охранный документ, представляющий исключительнее право на осуществление, использование и продажу изобретения в течение определенного срока и на определенно» территории) -
10 weapon
оружие; система оружия; боевое [огневое] средство; боеприпас; средство поражения; АБ; pl. вооружение, боевая техника; оснащать оружием, вооружать; см. тж. cannon, gun, missile, systemdepressed trajectory (capability) weapon — орудие для настильной стрельбы; боеприпас с пологой траекторией (подхода к цели)
enhanced (penetrating) radiation weapon — оружие с повышенным уровнем [выходом] начальной [проникающей] радиации
ethnic (group selection) weapon — этническое оружие, поражающее отдельные группы населения
neutral (charge) beam weapon — пучковое оружие; оружие, поражающее узконаправленным потоком нейтральных частиц
reduced blast and heat (nuclear) weapon — ЯО с пониженным действием ударной волны и теплового [светового] излучения
— acoustic wave weapon— aerial warfare weapon— antiarmor-capable weapon— dirty nuclear weapon— fission -type weapon— flame-blast weapon— fusion-type weapon— genetic weapon— high-yield nuclear weapon— howitzer-type weapon— limited-yield nuclear weapon— loader's station weapon— low-yield nuclear weapon— medium-yield nuclear weapon— nominal nuclear weapon— optimum-yield nuclear weapon— point-target weapon— recoil-energy operated weapon— rifled-bore weapon— satellite-borne weapon— second-strike retaliatory weapon— supporting weapon— vehicle-mounted weapon -
11 element
- element
- n
- element of area
- element of construction
- elements of force
- element of in-situ reinforced concrete
- elements of interior
- element of length
- element of structure
- bent element
- bimetallic element
- boundary element
- building element
- compression element
- dominant element
- edge element
- electric heating element
- filter element
- finite element
- fire-bar element
- fully restraint element
- fuse element
- heating element
- hydraulic element
- infrared heating element
- linear element
- load bearing element
- multifaceted node element
- nonstructural element
- one-dimensional finite element
- one-way element
- prefabricated concrete element
- reinforced concrete element
- rod element
- sensing element
- solid element
- spacial element
- standard element
- steel plate element
- stiffening element
- structural element
- tensile element
- torsional element
- trace elements
- urban element
- weakened construction element
Англо-русский строительный словарь. — М.: Русский Язык. С.Н.Корчемкина, С.К.Кашкина, С.В.Курбатова. 1995.
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12 mode
2) мода, вид [форма, тип\] колебаний; вид [тип\] волн5) вчт. состояние6) швейн. мода•-
ablative pit-forming mode
-
abnormal mode
-
acceleration mode
-
access mode
-
accumulation mode
-
acoustic mode
-
acquisition mode
-
active mode
-
adaptive control mode
-
addressing mode
-
air-liquefaction mode
-
alternate mode
-
anticipation mode
-
approach mode
-
assemble mode
-
astable vibration mode
-
astable mode
-
automatic mode
-
automatic opening mode
-
automatic skinning mode
-
autopilot heading mode
-
autoposition mode
-
avalanche mode
-
axial mode
-
background mode
-
backward mode
-
backward propagating mode
-
backward scattering mode
-
backward scatter mode
-
backward traveling mode
-
bare resonator mode
-
basic mode
-
batch mode
-
birefringent mode
-
block mode
-
block-multiplex mode
-
bound modes
-
broadcast mode
-
buckling mode
-
burst mode
-
calibration mode
-
capture mode
-
cavity flipping mode
-
cavity mode
-
central mode
-
character generation mode
-
character mode
-
characteristic mode
-
charge-coupling mode
-
circularly polarized mode
-
cladding mode
-
clockwise polarized mode
-
coherently locked modes
-
cold mode
-
collective modes
-
command mode
-
common failure mode
-
common mode
-
compatibility mode
-
competing modes
-
compute mode
-
confined mode
-
constant cutting speed mode
-
constant speed mode
-
contention mode
-
continuous mode
-
continuous path mode
-
continuous-wave mode
-
contour modes
-
contradirectional modes
-
control mode
-
conversational mode
-
cooling mode
-
co-orbital mode
-
coplanar mode
-
core-guided mode
-
core mode
-
counterclockwise polarized mode
-
counterrotating circularly polarized modes
-
counting mode
-
coupled modes
-
cross polarized modes
-
cubic mode
-
current mode
-
current saving mode
-
cutoff mode
-
cutting mode
-
damped mode
-
data-processing mode
-
Debye-like mode
-
Debye mode
-
deceleration mode
-
deflected mode
-
degenerated mode
-
degenerate mode
-
depletion mode
-
design mode
-
dialog mode
-
difference mode
-
differential mode
-
diffraction-limited mode
-
diffusive mode
-
discrete mode
-
dispersion modes
-
display mode
-
distributed-feedback mode
-
DNC mode
-
dominant mode
-
double-pass mode
-
drift mode
-
dual-processing mode
-
duplex mode
-
dynamic mode
-
dynamic-scattering mode
-
E mode
-
edge mode
-
edit mode
-
eigen mode
-
electromagnetic mode
-
elementary mode
-
Emn mode
-
emulation mode
-
energy dissipating mode
-
enhancement mode
-
equal-loss modes
-
equally spaced modes
-
erase mode
-
evanescent mode
-
even mode
-
excited mode
-
exciting mode
-
executive mode
-
extensional mode
-
extraordinary mode
-
Fabry-Perot mode
-
face shear modes
-
fast mode
-
faulted mode
-
fiber mode
-
filamentary mode
-
first mode
-
flexural mode
-
forced mode
-
force mode
-
foreground mode
-
foreground-background mode
-
forward mode
-
forward propagating mode
-
forward scattering mode
-
forward scatter mode
-
forward shear mode
-
forward traveling mode
-
fracture mode
-
free-running mode
-
free-space mode
-
frequency-division multiplex mode
-
frequency-shift-keying mode
-
full program mode
-
full-duplex mode
-
fundamental mode
-
gated mode
-
gate mode
-
Gaussian mode
-
generator mode
-
go-ahead mode
-
graphics mode
-
graphic mode
-
guidance mode
-
guided-wave mode
-
guided mode
-
half-duplex mode
-
heating mode
-
height-lock mode
-
higher-order mode
-
high-frequency mode
-
high-loss mode
-
high-pass mode
-
high-resolution mode
-
Hmn mode
-
horizontally polarized mode
-
idler mode
-
independent mode
-
index mode
-
injected mode
-
injection-locked mode
-
in-phase modes
-
in-plane mode
-
insert mode
-
integer mode
-
interacting modes
-
interactive mode
-
internally trapped mode
-
interpretive mode
-
interrupt mode
-
inverter mode
-
isolated mode
-
jog mode
-
kernel mode
-
keyboard mode
-
laser mode
-
lasing mode
-
lattice mode
-
launched mode
-
leaking mode
-
leaky mode
-
left-hand polarized mode
-
left polarized mode
-
length extentional mode
-
length flexural mode
-
length modes
-
length-width flexural mode
-
light mode
-
linearly polarized mode
-
load mode
-
local mode
-
locate mode
-
lock mode
-
long coherence length mode
-
long wavelength mode
-
longitudinal mode
-
loopback mode
-
low-frequency mode
-
low-pass mode
-
low-resolution mode
-
lugdown mode
-
macro-by-macro mode
-
magnetron mode
-
main mode
-
malfunction mode
-
manual mode
-
manual skinning mode
-
mapping mode
-
maser mode
-
master mode
-
matched mode
-
measurement mode
-
message mode
-
mirror image mode
-
mixed mode
-
mode of behavior
-
mode of deformation
-
mode of excitation
-
mode of failure
-
mode of functioning
-
mode of propagation
-
mode of test
-
mode of transport
-
mode-locked mode
-
mode-match mode
-
monopulse mode
-
move mode
-
multiple-frame mode
-
multiplexed mode
-
multiplex mode
-
multitask mode
-
native mode
-
natural mode
-
nonaxial mode
-
noncounting mode
-
nondegenerate mode
-
nondegenerative mode
-
nonoscillating mode
-
nonpropagating mode
-
nonradiative mode
-
nonresonant mode
-
nonspiking mode
-
nontransparent mode
-
normal mode
-
odd mode
-
off mode
-
off-axis mode
-
off-design mode
-
off-line mode
-
off-normal mode
-
on-line mode
-
on-link mode
-
opening fracture mode
-
opening mode
-
operating mode
-
optical mode
-
ordinary mode
-
original mode
-
orthogonally polarized modes
-
oscillating mode
-
oscillation mode
-
oscillatory mode
-
out-of-plane mode
-
overtype mode
-
parallel mode
-
parametric mode
-
parasitic mode
-
partially suppressed mode
-
path following mode
-
path modifying mode
-
penetration mode
-
periodic mode
-
perturbed mode
-
photographing mode
-
photon-counting mode
-
pipelined mode
-
plane mode
-
plane polarized mode
-
plasma mode
-
plasma-guide mode
-
playback mode
-
point-to-point path mode
-
polarization mode
-
polarization-bistable mode
-
polarized mode
-
posttrigger mode
-
power-down mode
-
p-polarized mode
-
pretrigger mode
-
principal mode
-
priviledged mode
-
propagating mode
-
propagation mode
-
pulse counting mode
-
pulsed mode
-
pump mode
-
push-pull mode
-
Q-spoiled mode
-
Q-switched mode
-
quadrupole mode
-
quantum noise limited mode
-
radial mode
-
radially polarized mode
-
radiating mode
-
radiation mode
-
rail mode
-
ranging mode
-
ready mode
-
real-time mode
-
receive mode
-
record mode
-
rectifier mode
-
reflected mode
-
reflection mode
-
reflective mode
-
refracted mode
-
refrigeration mode
-
repetitive Q-switched mode
-
request mode
-
resonant mode
-
resonator mode
-
retropropulsion mode
-
return beam mode
-
reverse bias mode
-
reversible recording mode
-
right-hand polarized mode
-
right polarized mode
-
run mode
-
sample-and-hold mode
-
satellite mode
-
saturation mode
-
scanning mode
-
scan mode
-
scope mode
-
screen mode
-
search mode
-
selected mode
-
selector mode
-
self-ammoniation mode
-
self-heating mode
-
self-locked mode
-
self-Q-switched mode
-
self-refresh mode
-
self-reporting mode
-
self-trapping mode
-
serial mode
-
series mode
-
setup mode
-
severe wear mode
-
shear mode of crack initiation
-
shear mode
-
side mode
-
signal mode
-
simplex mode
-
simulation mode
-
single block mode
-
single mode
-
single Q-switched mode
-
single-channel mode
-
single-character mode
-
single-pulse mode
-
single-step mode
-
slave mode
-
slightly coupled modes
-
spatial mode
-
spectral mode
-
spiking mode
-
split-screen mode
-
s-polarized mode
-
spurious mode
-
spurious pulse mode
-
square mode
-
stable mode
-
standby mode
-
standing-wave mode
-
start-stop mode
-
static mode
-
stationary mode
-
steady state mode
-
stiffened mode
-
still-frame mode
-
storage mode
-
store-and-forward mode
-
stretching mode
-
stripped cladding modes
-
strong mode
-
strongly excited mode
-
substrate mode
-
superradiant mode
-
supervisor mode
-
switching mode
-
symmetric modes
-
synchronously pumped mode
-
tape auto mode
-
teaching mode
-
tearing mode
-
thickness-extensional modes
-
time compression mode
-
time mode
-
time-difference mode
-
time-shared mode
-
torsional modes
-
track-and-hold mode
-
tracking mode
-
transcribe mode
-
transfer mode
-
transformed mode
-
transient mode
-
transit mode
-
transit-time mode
-
transmission mode
-
transparent mode
-
transverse mode
-
TRAPATT mode
-
trapped mode
-
trapped plasma avalanche transit time mode
-
traveling-wave mode
-
triggering mode
-
trimming mode
-
truncated mode
-
tuning mode
-
tunneling mode
-
twist mode
-
two-level mode
-
unattended mode
-
uncoupled modes
-
undamped mode
-
unmanned mode
-
unperturbed mode
-
unstable mode
-
unstiffened mode
-
vertically polarized mode
-
vibration mode
-
vibration-free mode
-
virtual mode
-
voting mode
-
waiting mode
-
walk-off mode
-
warped mode
-
wave mode
-
wavefront watched modes
-
waveguide mode
-
wavy slip mode
-
wear mode
-
whispering modes
-
whistler mode
-
width modes
-
write mode
-
zero-order mode -
13 overthrow
əuvə'Ɵroupast tense - overthrew; verb(to defeat and force out of power: The government has been overthrown.) styrte, fellekantreIsubst. \/ˈəʊvəθrəʊ\/1) (om)styrting, fall, nederlag, ruin2) ( også overført) kullkasting3) ( cricket) forklaring: ball som ikke blir tatt opp4) ( baseball) for høy ball5) ( musikk) dominantIIverb ( overthrew - overthrown) \/ˌəʊvəˈθrəʊ\/1) styrte, felle2) erobre, beseire3) ( også overført) velte, kullkaste4) sette (en) stopper for, få (en) slutt påoverthrow someone kaste noen over ende, løpe noen over ende ( om ledelse) styrte noen, felle noen -
14 mode
1) модаа) нормальный тип колебаний, собственный тип колебаний; нормальный тип волн, собственный тип волн3) способ; метод4) тип; форма ( выражения или проявления чего-либо)6) ак. лад; тональность•- π-mode- 1284 compliance mode
- 32-bit mode
- 32-bit transfer mode
- 8086 real mode
- accelerated transit mode
- accumulation-layer mode
- acoustic mode
- active mode
- address mode
- adjacent modes
- all points addressable mode
- alpha mode
- alphanumeric mode
- alternate mode
- AN mode
- analog mode
- angular dependent mode
- angular mode
- anomalous mode
- answer mode
- antiferrodistortive mode
- antiferromagnetic mode
- anti-Stokes mode
- antisymmetric mode
- APA mode
- aperiodic mode
- asymmetric mode
- asynchronous balanced mode
- asynchronous response mode
- asynchronous transfer mode
- auto-answer mode
- auto-dial mode
- avalanche mode
- axial mode
- background mode
- backward mode
- beam mode
- beam-waveguide mode
- Bi-Di mode
- bidirectional mode
- BIOS video mode
- birefringent mode
- bistable mode
- bitmap mode
- black-and-white mode
- block mode
- block-multiplex mode
- blow-up mode
- browse mode
- burst mode
- byte mode
- calculator mode
- central mode
- characteristic mode
- chat mode
- chip test mode
- CHS mode
- circle-dot mode
- circular mode
- circularly polarized mode
- circularly symmetric mode
- clockwise mode
- CMY mode
- CMYK mode
- collective modes
- color mode
- command mode
- common mode
- communications mode
- compatibility mode
- competing modes
- concert hall reverberation mode
- configuration mode
- constant-frequency mode
- contention mode
- continuous-wave mode
- contour modes
- control mode
- conversational mode
- cooked mode
- correlator mode
- counter mode
- counterclockwise mode
- coupled modes
- crossover mode
- current mode
- cutoff mode
- cw mode
- cyclotron mode
- cylinder-head-sector mode
- damped mode
- data-in mode
- data-out mode
- Debye mode
- Debye-like mode
- defocus-dash mode
- defocus-focus mode
- degenerate mode
- delayed domain mode
- depletion mode
- deposition mode
- difference mode
- differential mode
- diffusive mode
- digital mode
- dipole mode
- direct memory access transfer mode
- disk-at-once mode
- display mode
- dissymmetric mode
- DMA transfer mode
- domain mode
- dominant mode
- dot-addressable mode
- dot-dash mode
- doze mode
- draft mode
- drift mode
- ducted mode
- duotone mode
- duplex mode
- dynamic mode
- dynamic scattering mode
- E mode
- Emn mode
- ECHS mode
- ECP mode
- edge mode
- edit mode
- eigen mode
- electromagnetic mode
- elementary mode
- elliptically polarized mode
- embedded mode
- end-fire mode
- enhanced parallel port mode
- enhanced virtual 8086 mode
- enhanced virtual 86 mode
- enhancement mode
- EPP mode
- equiamplitude modes
- EV8086 mode
- EV86 mode
- evanescent mode
- even mode
- even-order mode
- even-symmetrical mode
- exchange mode
- exchange-dominated mode
- excited mode
- exciting mode
- extended capability port mode
- extended cylinder-head-sector mode
- extensional mode
- extraordinary mode
- FA mode
- face shear modes
- failure mode
- fast mode
- fast-forward mode
- ferrite-air mode
- ferrite-dielectric mode
- ferrite-guided mode
- ferrite-metal mode
- ferrodistortive mode
- ferroelectric mode
- file mode
- first mode
- FM mode
- forbidden mode
- force mode
- foreground mode
- forward mode
- forward-bias mode
- forward-propagating mode
- forward-scattered mode
- four-color mode
- four-output mode
- free-running mode
- full on mode
- fundamental mode
- gate mode
- Gaussian mode
- Goldstone mode
- graphic display mode
- graphic mode
- gray-level mode
- grayscale mode
- guided mode
- guided-wave mode
- Gunn mode
- gyromagnetic mode
- H mode
- Hmn mode
- half-duplex mode
- half-tone mode
- hard mode
- harmonic mode
- helicon mode
- Hermite-Gaussian mode
- higher mode
- higher-order mode
- HLS mode
- HSB mode
- HSV mode
- hybrid mode
- idling mode
- impact avalanche transit-time mode
- IMPATT mode
- indexed color mode
- inhibited domain mode
- initialization mode
- injection locked mode
- insert mode
- interactive mode
- internally-trapped mode
- interstitial diffusion mode
- ion-implantation channel mode
- ion-sound mode
- kernel mode
- kiosk mode
- L*a*b* mode
- landscape mode
- large disk mode
- lasing mode
- lattice mode
- laying mode
- LBA mode
- LCH mode
- leaky mode
- left-hand polarized mode
- left-handed polarized mode
- length modes
- letter mode
- LH mode
- limited space-charge accumulation mode
- line art mode
- local mode
- lock mode
- logical block addressing mode
- log-periodically coupled modes
- longitudinal mode
- loopback mode
- lowest mode
- lowest-order mode
- low-power mode
- LSA mode
- magnetic mode
- magnetodynamical mode
- magnetoelastic mode
- magnetosonic mode
- magnetostatic mode
- magnetron mode
- main mode
- masing mode
- master/slave mode
- mixed mode
- mode of excitation
- mode of operation
- modified semistatic mode
- modulated transit-time mode
- module test mode
- mono mode
- mono/stereo mode
- monopulse mode
- moving-target indication mode
- MTI mode
- multi mode
- multichannel mode
- multimode mode
- multiple sector mode
- multiplex mode
- mutual orthogonal modes
- native mode
- natural mode
- near-letter mode
- nibble mode
- nondegenerated mode
- non-privileged mode
- nonpropagating mode
- nonresonant mode
- nonuniform processional mode
- normal mode
- normal-incidence mode
- odd mode
- odd-order mode
- odd-symmetrical mode
- off mode
- off-axial mode
- off-line mode
- omni mode
- on mode
- on-line mode
- operation mode
- optical mode
- ordinary mode
- original mode
- originate mode
- orthogonal modes
- OS/2 compatible mode
- overdamped mode
- overtype mode
- packet mode
- packet transfer mode
- page mode
- parallel port FIFO mode
- parametric mode
- parasitic mode
- pedestal-current stabilized mode
- penetration mode
- persistent-current mode
- perturbated mode
- phonon mode
- pi mode
- PIO mode
- plane mode
- plane polarized mode
- plasma mode
- plasma-guide mode
- playback mode
- polarized mode
- poly mode
- portrait mode
- preferred mode
- principal mode
- privileged mode
- programmed input/output mode
- promiscuous mode
- protected mode
- protected virtual address mode
- proton mode
- pseudo-Rayleigh mode
- pseudospin mode
- pseudospin-wave mode
- pulse mode
- quadrupole mode
- quadtone mode
- quasi-degenerated mode
- quenched domain mode
- quenched multiple-domain mode
- quenched single-domain mode
- question-and-answer mode
- radial mode
- radiating mode
- radiation mode
- Raman active mode
- ranging mode
- rare mode
- raw mode
- RB mode
- read multiple mode
- read-mostly mode
- real address mode
- real mode
- real-time mode
- receive mode
- reflected mode
- reflection mode
- refracted mode
- rehearse mode
- relaxational mode
- resonant mode
- return-beam mode
- reverberation mode
- reverse-bias mode
- rewind mode
- RGB mode
- RH mode
- rho-rho mode
- right-hand polarized mode
- right-handed polarized mode
- safe mode
- saturated-off mode of operation
- saturation mode
- saving mode
- scan mode
- search mode
- secondary-emission pedestal mode
- second-breakdown mode
- self-localized mode
- self-locked mode
- semistatic mode
- shear mode
- shutdown mode
- side modes
- simplex mode
- single mode
- single-vortex cycle mode
- slave mode
- sleep mode
- slow mode
- small room reverberation mode
- soft mode
- softened mode
- sorcerer's apprentice mode
- space-charge feedback mode
- space-charge mode
- spatially orthogonal modes
- special fully nested mode
- spiking mode
- spin mode
- spin-wave mode
- SPP mode
- spurious mode
- spurious pulse mode
- stable mode
- stable-negative-resistance mode
- standard parallel port mode - stationary mode
- Stokes mode
- stop clock mode
- stop mode
- stream mode
- subharmonic mode
- substitutional-diffusion mode
- subsurface mode
- sum mode
- superradiant mode
- supervisor mode
- surface skimming mode
- surface-wave mode
- suspend mode
- SVGA mode
- switching mode
- symmetric mode
- symmetry breaking mode
- symmetry restoring mode
- system management mode
- system test mode
- Tmnp wave resonant mode
- task mode
- TE mode
- TEmnp wave resonant mode
- tearing mode
- telegraph mode
- TEM mode
- terminal mode
- test mode
- text mode
- thermal mode
- thickness modes
- three-color mode
- through mode
- time-difference mode
- time-sharing mode
- TM mode
- TMmnp wave resonant mode
- torsional modes
- total-internal reflection mode
- track-at-once mode
- transfer mode
- transient mode
- transit-time domain mode
- transit-time mode
- transmission mode
- transmitted mode
- transmitting mode
- transverse electric mode
- transverse electromagnetic mode
- transverse magnetic mode
- transverse mode
- transversely polarized mode
- transverse-symmetrical mode
- TRAPATT mode
- trapped mode
- trapped plasma avalanche transit-time mode
- trapped-domain mode
- traveling space-charge mode
- traveling-wave mode
- tristate test mode
- tritone mode
- truncated mode
- twist mode
- twisted nematic mode
- TXT mode
- typeover mode
- uncoupled modes
- undamped mode
- underdamped mode
- unguided mode
- unidirectional mode
- unilateral mode
- unperturbed mode
- unreal mode
- unstable mode
- unwanted mode
- user mode
- V8086 mode
- V86 mode
- VGA mode
- vibration mode
- video mode
- virtual 8086 mode
- virtual 86 mode
- virtual real mode
- volume magnetostatic mode
- wait for key mode
- waiting mode
- Walker mode
- walk-off mode
- wave mode
- waveguide mode
- whispering-gallery mode
- whistler mode
- width modes
- write mode
- write multiple mode
- zero-frequency mode
- zero-order modeThe New English-Russian Dictionary of Radio-electronics > mode
-
15 overmastering
[ˌəuvə'mɑːst(ə)rɪŋ]прил.непреодолимый, всепоглощающий; доминирующийSyn: -
16 element
1) элемент (напр. конструкции машины, схемы и т.п.)2) устройство, узел, блок; звено, схема•- element of construction - elements of horizontal alignment - element of structure - ball element - bearing element - bending element - building element - control element - diaphragm element - diaphragm-ball element - factory-made elements - filling element - filter element - flexural element - functional element of building - hardening element - heating element - heat-protection element - load-bearing element - measuring element - nonstructural element - obsolete element - precast element - prefabricated element - prestressed element - primary element - reinforced concrete element - removal element - sealing element - stiffening element - stream-interacting element - structural element - tie element - torsional element - unified precast reinforced concrete structural elements* * *- element of area
- element of construction
- elements of force
- element of in-situ reinforced concrete
- elements of interior
- element of length
- element of structure
- bent element
- bimetallic element
- boundary element
- building element
- compression element
- dominant element
- edge element
- electric heating element
- filter element
- finite element
- fire-bar element
- fully restraint element
- fuse element
- heating element
- hydraulic element
- infrared heating element
- linear element
- load bearing element
- multifaceted node element
- nonstructural element
- one-dimensional finite element
- one-way element
- prefabricated concrete element
- reinforced concrete element
- rod element
- sensing element
- solid element
- spacial element
- standard element
- steel plate element
- stiffening element
- structural element
- tensile element
- torsional element
- trace elements
- urban element
- weakened construction element -
17 factor
1) фактор || факторный2) коэффициент; множитель3) показатель4) факторизовать; разлагать на множители•to reduce a fraction by a factor — приводить дробь к общему знаменателю; сокращать дробь на некоторый множитель
-
18 function
1) функция, действие || функционировать; действовать- essential functions - routine function - safety-related functions2) функциональное назначение; роль- circuit function - intrinsic function - metering function - primary function - robot function - planning function - service function - support function4) функциональный узел ( машины)5) матем. функциональная зависимость, функция- absolutely additive function - absolutely bounded function - absolutely continuous function - absolutely integrable function - absolutely monotone function - absolutely summable function - absolutely symmetric function - almost complex function - almost continuous function - almost convex function - almost everywhere defined function - almost everywhere finite function - almost invariant function - almost periodic function - almost recursive function - almost separably-valued function - almost separating function - almost universal function - analytically independent function - analytically representable function - approximately differentiable function - asymptotically differentiable function - asymptotically finite function - asymptotically uniformly optimal function - bounded below function - cellwise continuous function - circumferentially mean p-valent function - comparison function - complementary error function - complete analytic function - completely additive function - completely computable function - completely monotone function - completely multiplicative function - completely productive function - completely subadditive function - completely symmetrical function - completely undefined function - complex hyperbolic function - conditional risk function - countably multiplicative function - countably valued function - covariant function - cumulative distribution function - cumulative frequency function - deficiency function - double limit function - doubly periodic function - doubly recursive function - effectively computable function - effectively constant function - effectively decidable function - effectively variable function - elementarily symmetric function - entire function of maximum type - entire function of mean type - entire function of potential type - entire function of zero type - entire rational function - essentially increasing function - essentially integrable function - essentially real function - essentially smooth function - everywhere differentiable function - everywhere smooth function - expansible function - explicitly definable function - exponentially convex function - exponentially decreasing function - exponentially increasing function - exponentially multiplicative function - exponentially vanishing function - finitely mean valent function - finitely measurable function - function of appropriate behavior - function of bounded characteristic - function of bounded type - function of bounded variation - function of complex variable - function of exponential type - function of finite genus - function of finite variation - function of fractional order - function of infinite type - function of integral order - function of maximal type - function of minimal type - function of mixed variables - function of normal type - function of number theory - function of one variable - function of rapid descent - function of rapid growth - function of real variable - general universal function - geometric carrier function - implicitly definable function - incomplete dibeta function - incomplete gamma function - incomplete tribeta function - incompletely defined function - inductively defined function - inductively integrable function - infinitely divisible function - infinitely many-valued function - integral logarithmic function - inverse trigonometric function - inverted beta function - iterative function - joint correlation function - joint density function - linearly separable function - locally bounded function - locally constant function - locally holomorphic function - locally homogeneous function - locally integrable function - locally negligible function - locally regular function - locally summable function - logarithmic generating function - logarithmic integral function - logarithmically infinite function - logarithmically plurisubharmonic function - logarithmically subharmonic function - lower semicontinuous function - monotone non-decreasing function - monotone non-increasing function - multiply periodic function - multiply recursive function - negative definite function - negative infinite function - nontangentially bounded function - normalized function - normed function - nowhere continuous function - nowhere differentiable function - nowhere monotonic function - n-times differentiable function - n-tuply periodic function - numeralwise expressible function - numeralwise representable function - numerical function - numerically valued function - oblate spheroidal function - operating characteristic function - optimal policy function - parametrically definable function - partially symmetric function - piecewise constant function - piecewise continuously differentiable function - piecewise linear function - piecewise monotonic function - piecewise polynomial function - piecewise quadratic function - piecewise regular function - piecewise smooth function - pointwise approximated function - positive homogeneous function - positive infinite function - positive monotone function - positive monotonic function - positive semidefinite function - potentially calculable function - potentially recursive function - power series function - probability generating function - quadratically summable function - rapidly damped function - rapidly decreasing function - rapidly oscillatory function - recursively continuous function - recursively convergent function - recursively defined function - recursively differentiable function - recursively divergent function - recursively extensible function - relative distribution function - relative frequency function - representing function - reproducing kernel function - residual function - residue function - scalarwise integrable function - scalarwise measurable function - sectionally smooth function - simply periodic function - singly recursive function - slowly increasing function - slowly oscillating function - slowly varying function - smoothly varying function - solid spherical harmonic function - solid zonal harmonic function - steadily increasing function - stopped random function - strictly convex function - strictly decreasing function - strictly increasing function - strictly integrable function - strictly monotone function - strongly differentiable function - strongly holomorphic function - strongly integrable function - strongly measurable function - strongly plurisubharmonic function - totally additive function - totally continuous function - totally measurable function - totally multiplicative function - totally positive function - triangular function - uniformly best decision function - uniformly bounded function - uniformly definable function - uniformly differentiable function - uniformly homotopic function - uniformly integrable function - uniformly limited function - uniformly measurable function - uniformly smooth function - unit step function - unitary divisor function - upper measurable function - upper semicontinuous function - weakly analytic function - weakly continuous function - weakly differentiable function - weakly holomorphic function - weakly measurable function - weakly singular function - weighted random functiondomain of a function — область определения функции, область изменения независимой переменной
-
19 vector
1) вектор || векторный2) матем. матрица-столбец3) аэро пеленг•vector at the origin — вектор, проведённый из начала координат
vector to enter basis — вектор, вводимый в базис
vector to leave basis — вектор, исключаемый из базиса
- almost periodic vector - almost proper vector - antiholomorphic tangent vector - extreme vector - flux vector - magnetic displacement vector - normal curvature vector - normal unit vector - time-similar vector - translation vectorvector with unit length — единичный вектор; орт
-
20 chief
1. n глава, руководитель; лидер; начальник, шеф; заведующий, директорchief of the hill — «комендант горы»
chief of a library — заведующий библиотекой, директор библиотеки
chief of police — начальник полиции, полицмейстер
2. n разг. шеф, чиф3. n вождь; властитель, повелитель4. n геральд. верхняя часть щита5. a главный; руководящий; старшийchief librarian — заведующий библиотекой, директор библиотеки
Chief of Naval Staff — начальник морского штаба ; первый морской лорд
6. a основной; важнейший, главныйchief problem — основная проблема, главный вопрос
the chief thing to do — основное, что нужно сделать
Синонимический ряд:1. first (adj.) arch; capital; cardinal; central; champion; dominant; first; foremost; fundamental; head; key; leading; main; major; number one; outstanding; paramount; predominant; preeminent; pre-eminent; premier; primary; prime; principal; prominent; star; stellar; top2. head (noun) boss; captain; chieftain; cock; commander; director; dominator; head; headman; hierarch; honcho; leader; lord; master; overseer; ringleader; ruler; supervisor3. notable (noun) big; big boy; big gun; big shot; big-timer; bigwig; character; dignitary; eminence; great gun; heavyweight; high-muck-a-muck; lion; luminary; muckamuck; mugwump; nabob; nawob; notability; notable; personage; personality; pooh-bah; pot; somebody; VIPАнтонимический ряд:follower; minor; secondary; trifling; trivial; underling; unimportant
- 1
- 2
См. также в других словарях:
dominant — UK US /ˈdɒmɪnənt/ adjective ► more important, powerful, or successful than other people, companies, etc.: »The question was whether cable or wireless would become dominant. dominant force/player »For a long time Detroit was the dominant force in… … Financial and business terms
dominant — dominant, predominant, paramount, preponderant, preponderating, sovereign mean superior to all others in power, influence, position, or rank. Something is dominant which is thought of as ruling, as commanding, or as uppermost {a dominant race}… … New Dictionary of Synonyms
force — force1 [ fɔrs ] noun *** ▸ 1 physical strength ▸ 2 group of police, etc. ▸ 3 influence ▸ 4 scientific effect ▸ 5 military ▸ + PHRASES 1. ) uncount physical strength or violence: They accused the police of using excessive force during the arrest.… … Usage of the words and phrases in modern English
force */*/*/ — I UK [fɔː(r)s] / US [fɔrs] noun Word forms force : singular force plural forces 1) a) [uncountable] physical strength, or violence They accused the police of using excessive force during the arrest. by force: The army took control of the region… … English dictionary
dominant — I adjective ascendant, authoritative, cardinal, chief, commanding, controlling, eminent, first, foremost, governing, hegemonical, influential, leading, main, master, overshadowing, paramount, predominant, predominating, preeminent, preponderant,… … Law dictionary
Dominant seventh chord — on C: C7 Play ( … Wikipedia
Force concentration — is the practice of concentrating a military force, so as to bring to bear such overwhelming force against a portion of an enemy force that the disparity between the two forces alone acts as a force multiplier, in favour of the concentrated forces … Wikipedia
Dominant Species (novel) — Dominant Species Author(s) Michael E. Marks Cover artist … Wikipedia
dominant strength — index main force Burton s Legal Thesaurus. William C. Burton. 2006 … Law dictionary
Dominant-party system — Part of the Politics series Party politics Political spectrum … Wikipedia
Dominant ideology — Part of a series on Marxism … Wikipedia